What is Raf gene?

What is Raf gene?

The mouse sarcoma virus 3611 contains a RAF kinase-related oncogene that enhances fibrosarcoma induction. RAF is an acronym for Rapidly Accelerated Fibrosarcoma. RAF kinases participate in the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signal transduction cascade, also referred to as the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade.

What is rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma?

The rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (Raf) kinase is canonically activated by growth factors that regulate multiple cellular processes. In this kinase cascade Raf activation ultimately results in extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2) activation, which requires Ras binding to the Ras binding domain (RBD) of Raf.

How is Raf activated?

RAF activation is initiated by RAS-GTP association with the RAS binding domain (RBD) situated within the N-terminal regulatory region of the kinase.

What do oncogenes cause?

Your cells contain many important genes that regulate cell growth and division. The healthy forms of these genes are called proto-oncogenes. The mutated forms are called oncogenes. Oncogenes cause cells to replicate out of control and can lead to cancer.

What is the function of RAF?

Overall, key roles of Raf have been demonstrated in cell proliferation, differentiation, cell cycle progression, cell survival and several other physiological processes (Fig. 2).

What is RAF mutation?

The RAF1 gene mutations change single protein building blocks (amino acids) in the RAF1 protein. These changes increase protein activity and disrupt the regulation of the RAS/MAPK signaling pathway causing problems with cell division, apoptosis, cell differentiation, and cell migration.

What is Ras RAF pathway?

The Ras/Raf/MAPK pathway is probably the best characterized signal transduction pathway in cell biology. The function of this pathway is to transduce signals from the extracellular milieu to the cell nucleus where specific genes are activated for cell growth, division and differentiation.

Does Raf phosphorylate itself?

Ras functions as a binary molecular switch that cycles between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound states with the help of GEFs and GTPase activating proteins (GAPs). GTP-bound Ras recruits Raf to the plasma membrane and enables it to phosphorylate its only substrates, Mek1 and Mek2 [3].

Does Raf phosphorylate MEK?

Raf, a serine/threonine protein kinase, can phosphorylate proteins directly or promote protein phosphorylation via MEK/ERK activation downstream and regulate the apoptotic process.

What happens when an oncogene mutates?

When a proto-oncogene mutates (changes) or there are too many copies of it, it becomes a “bad” gene that can become permanently turned on or activated when it is not supposed to be. When this happens, the cell grows out of control, which can lead to cancer. This bad gene is called an oncogene.

What causes TP53 mutation?

A TP53 mutation can be inherited from your parents, or acquired later in life from the environment or from a mistake that happens in your body during cell division. An inherited TP53 mutation is known as Li-Fraumeni syndrome.

Is RAF a tumor suppressor gene?

In keeping with a role for the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway in invasion, the Raf-inhibitor protein RKIP has been identified as a suppressor of metastasis in many cancers (Granovsky and Rosner, 2008).

Is Raf-1 an effective multikinase inhibitor for breast cancer?

Collectively, these findings suggest that H-P-mediated Raf-1, MEK1/2, LC3B, and NF-kB provide a novel and efficacious multikinase inhibitor for treating breast cancer without detectable cytotoxic effects. Keywords: breast cancer, Raf-1 activation, autophagy, Sorafenib, honey peptide

Do Raf inhibitors work for Ras cancers?

Unfortunately Raf inhibitors have failed to help patients with Ras cancers, and patients with mutant Raf cancers that respond initially inevitably develop resistance.

Does the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway alter autophagic activity in breast cancer cells?

Indeed, the effects of Raf-1 inhibitor, SOR, and Raf-1 knockdown on matching lipidated LC3B further confirm the ability of the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway to alter autophagic activity in breast cancer cells. However, targeting Raf-1 signaling pathway increases the production levels of the proinflammatory cytokines including IL-6 and IL-8 in targeted cells.

What is the PMCID of Raf-1?

doi: 10.3389/fonc.2021.682596 PMCID: PMC8430328 PMID: 34513674 Effective Targeting of Raf-1 and Its Associated Autophagy by Novel Extracted Peptide for Treating Breast Cancer Cells