What is azoreductase activity?
Table of Contents
One such enzymatic activity performed by human gut microbes is the production of azoreductases, enzymes that degrade azodyes, extensively used in pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetic and textile industries. Azoreductases catalyze the reductive cleavage of azo bonds (–N=N–) to give colorless aromatic amines6.
How is azo metabolized?
Azo dyes are degraded mainly via reductive reactions. When the azo dyes enter body through ingestion, both the intestinal microorganisms and the enzymes in liver are responsible for the reduction of the dyes.
What is azo reduction?
Anaerobic azo dye reduction is the reductive cleavage of azo linkages, i.e., the transfer of reducing equivalents resulting in the formation of aromatic amines. As aromatic amines are generally colorless, azo dye reduction is also referred to as azo dye decolourization.
What is azo in chemistry?
IUPAC defines azo compounds as: “Derivatives of diazene (diimide), HN=NH, wherein both hydrogens are substituted by hydrocarbyl groups, e.g. PhN=NPh azobenzene or diphenyldiazene.” The more stable derivatives contain two aryl groups. The N=N group is called an azo group.
Why are azo dyes soluble in water?
The most easily applied azo dyes are those designated as direct: they contain chemical substituents that make them soluble in water, and they are absorbed from solution by cotton.
What is Azoic dye process?
Azoic dyes are not ready-made dyes but are produced by reaction of two components-Diazocomponent or Base/Salt and Coupling component (Naphthol). Dye formation in Fibre occurs on the basis of coupling reaction.
What is the difference between azo and diazo compounds?
The key difference between azo and diazo is that the term azo refers to the presence of N=N group, whereas the term diazo refers to the presence of an azo group at the terminal of an organic compound.
What is azo dye made from?
Azo dyes are synthetic compounds containing an azo bond –N=N-, obtained mainly from the aromatic amine substrate, nitro and nitroso. The synthesis processes rely on the use of an appropriate oxidizing/reducing reaction or a diazotization/coupling reaction.
How azo compound is formed?
Most aromatic azo compounds are prepared by the reaction of a diazonium salt with an organic substance that contains easily replaced hydrogen atoms. The synthesis of azobenzene from nitrobenzene by treatment with certain oxygen-removing reagents is an example of an alternate method useful for symmetrical azo compounds.
Are azo compounds stable?
Aryl azo compounds are usually stable, crystalline species.
Is azo dye soluble in water?
Why are azo compounds very important in dyeing industries?
The azo group may be bonded to benzene rings, naphthalenes, aromatic heterocycles or to enolizable aliphatic groups [12]. These are essential to give the color of the dye, with their shades of different intensities.
What is azoreductase enzyme superfamily?
In conclusion, azoreductase enzyme superfamily comprises a large number of enzymes with azo bond-reduction capability.
Can azoreductase enzymes be used to degrade azo dyes?
Using azoreductase-based microbial enzyme systems that are biologically accepted and ecofriendly demonstrated complete degradation of azo dyes. Azoreductases are flavin-containing or flavin-free group of enzymes, utilizing the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate as a reducing equivalent.
Does azoreductase/azo–rhodamine reporter increase the rate of degradation?
They claimed that the increased degradation was due to the oxidoreductase enzymes including laccase, NADH–DCIP reductase, and azoreductase. Recently, Shin et al. ( 2017) showed the azoreductase/azo–rhodamine reporter system can be efficiently used to monitor the biological events in the live cells at the single cell level.
What is the optimal pH for azoreductase activity?
Many of the known azoreductases are stable at pH within a range of 5–9 including some alkaliphilic azoreductases, but most of them show optimal activity at physiological pH and the thermal stability is within a temperature range of 25–85 °C (Table 1 ).